Bài giảng Công nghệ chuyển hóa tham - Văn Đình Sơn Thọ

Mụn học : 
Cụng nghệ chuyển húa than 
• Giảng viờn : Văn Đỡnh Sơn Thọ 
• Thời lượng : 45 tiết 
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MỤC LỤC 
1. Giới thiệu chung 
2. Nguồn gốc quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thành than 
3. Cṍu tạo hóa học của than 
4. Thành phần hóa học của than 
5. Động học cỏc phản ứng chớnh của quỏ trỡnh 
6. Cụng nghệ chỏy 
7. Cụng nghệ nhiệt phõn than 
8. Cụng nghệ khớ hóa than 
9. Cụng nghệ phụ trợ 
10. Ứng dụng chớnh của cụng nghệ khớ hóa than 
 Sản xuṍt nhiờn liệu tổng hợp ( F-T) 
Sản xuṍt điện năng 
11. Thu giữ và Chụn lṍp CO2 ( Carbon dioxide capture storage - CCS ) 
12. Đỏnh giỏ tỏc động mụi trường ( Life cycle assessment – LCA) 
Phần 1 : Giới thiệu chung 
1.1 Trữ lượng than trờn thế giới 
Table 12. Proven recoverable world reserves of coal as of end 1999 [88] 
* Excluding the former Soviet Union 
Region or country Anthracite and 
bituminous 
Sub-bituminous 
and lignite 
Africa and Middle East 61 355 250 
North America 116 707 139 770 
South and Central America 7839 13 735 
Asia* 137 121 64 253 
Former Soviet Union 97 476 132 702 
Europe 41 664 80 368 
Australia and New Zealand 47 329 43 642 
Total 509 491 474 720 
The world's proven recoverable reserves of coal are an estimated 
510 ì 109 t of hard coal 
475 ì 109 t of brown coal (sub-bituminous and lignite) 
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
 t Proportion, % 
Africa 
 South Africa 220.3 6.2 
 Others 2.1 0.1 
 Africa total 222.4 6.3 
Americas 
 United States 919.6 26.2 
 Canada 36.5 1 
 Brazil 5.2 0.1 
 Columbia 33 0.9 
 Mexico 10.3 0.3 
 Others 5.6 0.2 
 Americas total 1010.2 28.7 
Table 13. World hard coal production in 1999 [89] 
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
 t Proportion, % 
Asia 
 China* 1045 29.7 
 India 292.2 8.3 
 Indonesia 70.7 2 
 Japan 3.9 0.1 
 North Korea 71.5 2 
 South Korea 4.1 0.1 
 Pakistan 3.3 0.1 
 Turkey 2.7 0.1 
 Vietnam 8.7 0.2 
 Others 2.2 0.1 
 Asia total 1504.3 42.8 
* including brown coal 
** including lignit negro 
Europe 
 Czech & Slovakia 
18.6 0.5 
 Poland 111.4 3.2 
 Former Soviet 315 9 
 France 4 0.1 
 Germany 43.9 1.2 
 Spain** 15.4 0.4 
 United Kingdom 36.4 1 
 Others 1.5 0 
Europe total 546.2 15.5 
Australia 
& New Zealand 
230.4 6.6 
World total 3513.4 100 
Table 14. World brown coal production in 1999 [89] 
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
 t Proportion, % 
Americas 
 United States 
77.5 9.2 
 Canada 36 4.3 
 Americas total 
113.5 13.5 
Asia 
 China .* . 
 Mongolia 7 0.8 
 India 22.2 2.6 
 Noth Korea 26.5 3.1 
 Turkey 66.8 7.9 
 Thailand 21.1 2.5 
 Asia total 143.6 17 
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
 t Proportion, % 
Europe 
 Bulgaria 24.2 2.9 
 Czech & Slovakia 
44.8 5.3 
 Hungary 13.7 1.6 
 Poland 60.8 7.2 
 Romania 19.3 2.3 
 Former Soviet 97 11.5 
 Former Yugoslavia 
31 3.7 
 Austria 1.1 0.1 
 Finland 8.2 1 
 France 0.9 0.1 
 Germany 162.2 19.3 
 Greece 61.5 7.3 
 Ireland 2.9 0.3 
 Spain 8.8 1 
 Europe total 536.5 63.7 
Australia & New Zealand 48.4 5.7 
World total 842.1 100 
Table 15. World trade* in hard coal in 1999 [90] 
Exports 10
6
 t 
United States 34 
Canada 33 
Columbia 29 
Venezuela 7 
China 37 
Indonesia 53 
Poland 16 
Former Soviet 18 
South Africa 66 
Australia 172 
Others 66 
472 
Imports 
European Union 144 
Other Europe 30 
Japan 136 
South Korea 53 
Taiwan 40 
Honkong 6 
India 17 
OtherAsia 15 
Latin America 20 
Others 11 
472 
1.2 Some Major Coal Producing Countries 
United States 
 Reserves. The United States possesses economically recoverable 
hard coal reserves of ca. 111 ì 109 t — one-fifth of total world 
reserves. For brown coal the respective figures are 135 ì 109 t and 
over 25 %. 
Production. The United States has maintained a high level of 
production for decades, producing one-fourth of the world's coal.. 
Consumption. Domestic coal consumption, which absorbs more 
than 90 % of production, has varied little in the past few years, with 
power stations being the main consumers. 
Australia 
 Reserves. Australia possesses economically recoverable 
reserves of 47 ì 109 t of hard coal and 43 ì 109 t of brown coal, 
each representing 9 % of world reserves. 
Production. Coal production has risen steadily in the last few 
decades and is expected to do so in future. 
Consumption. The high-quality coals found in Queensland and 
New South Wales are of value as steam and metallurgical coals, 
and most of production is for export. In 1984 Australia became 
the world's foremost hard-coal exporter with 61 ì 106 t. In 1999 
exports nearly tripled these figures. Production from Western 
Australia, Victoria, and South Australia (bituminous and sub-
bituminous coal, lignite) is geared to local thermal electricity 
generation. 
Germany 
 Reserves. Due to its very large deposits of brown coal, unified 
Germany possesses nearly 7 % of the world's economically 
recoverable coal reserves. 
Production. Output of hard coal has fallen from a peak of 
150 ì 106 t in 1957 to 44 ì 106 t in1999 and further reductions 
are planned. Brown-coal production dropped continuously with 
the closure of mines in the eastern Lọnder. Nevertheless, with 
> 160 ì 106 t, Germany is by far the largest producer of brown 
coal in the world. 
Consumption. The majority of the hard coal (65 %) and nearly 
all of the brown coal is channeled into the generation of 
electricity. The second largest consumer is the steel industry. 
Following the decline of indigenous production hard-coal 
imports have steadily increased. 
Poland 
 Reserves. Polish recoverable coal reserves amount to 12 ì 109 t 
of hard coal and 2 ì 109 t of brown coal. 
Production. Poland boosted its production for export reasons 
for a long period. In the mid-1980s government officials 
expected to increase hard-coal output to 205 ì 106 t and its 
brown-coal output to 100 ì 106 t by the year 2000. Instead, 
production in 1999 fell to 111 ì 106 t of hard coal and 60 ì 106 t 
of brown coal. 
Consumption. Inland consumption decreased every year 
during the last decade and may decrease even further. In the 
meantime, Poland tried to maintain its exports. In 1984, when it 
was able to export 45 ì 106 t, thereby attaining a 14 % share of 
world trade, Poland set its intermediate export goal at 
42 ì 106 t/a of hard coal. During the last few years, exports 
reached only 30 ì 106 t. 
Republic of South Africa 
 Reserves. South Africa has recoverable reserves of ca. 55 ì 109 t of 
hard coal, which at current production levels would last nearly 300 
years. 
Production. Production has raised to over 200 ì 106 t/a. 
Consumption. The slight increase in production in the last few years 
was initiated by higher internal demand. Coal is the main primary 
energy for the generation of electricity (95 %). Exports are over 
60 ì 106 t/a. 
China 
 Reserves. China accounts for ca. 11 % of the world's recoverable coal reserves. 
Hard-coal reserves are concentrated in the north and northwest of the country. 
Substantial lignite deposits are distributed throughout the country. 
Production. Production has been reduced during the last four years, 
nevertheless China is still the world's largest producer (1996: 1393 ì 106 t hard 
coal; 1999: 1000 ì 106 t). 
Consumption. China is very dependent on its vast coal reserves. The bulk 
being used internally for electricity and heat generation. Transportation of coal 
is a major problem, with a significant proportion of production being in the 
north, but with the most rapidly growing demand in the southern and eastern 
regions. Only minor quantities (30 – 40 ì 106 t/a) of coal are exported. 
 India 
 Reserves. India possesses over 10 % of world reserves, mostly bituminous 
coal. 
Production. Coal is the main source of energy and vital for India's economic 
development. A steady increase in production to nearly 300 ì 106 t of hard coal. 
Consumption. Consumption doubled since 1984. Despite increased production, 
some coal is imported, mainly for quality reasons 
Indonesia 
 Reserves. Indonesia has vast resources of high-quality accessible coal. In 
terms of tonnage, southern Sumatra contains the highest proportion although 
much of it is lignite. The coal from Kalimatan includes some deposits of very 
high quality (low ash and sulfur, high volatile matter). 
Production. Since 1984 the annual production has tripled up to over 70 ì 109 t. 
Consumption. The national policy is to expand internal use; the target is for 
80 % of electricity to be generated from coal-fired plants. But the main impulse 
to increase the production is the expanding export market. Indonesia has 
become the world's third largest exporter of coal . 
 United Kingdom 
 Reserves. With the decline of prices for imported coal the estimates of reserves 
which were regarded as economically recoverable have been reduced to about 
1 ì 109 t. 
Production. Due to the high cost of extracting the coal, production has had to 
be steadily diminished and will be cut even further. 
Consumption. The United Kingdom is still among the major consumers of coal 
in the world, but with competition from other energy resources, especially oil 
and gas from the North Sea, a further decline is expected 
Former Soviet Union 
 Reserves. With 230 ì 109 t of recoverable coal reserves, 97 ì 109 t of which is 
hard coal, the former Soviet Union accounts for 25 % of total world reserves. 
Production. Due to its vast resources the Soviet Union still ranks third among 
world producers. In 1999 coal production in the Russian Federation reached 
only 60 % of the 1989 level. Ukrainian production dropped by nearly 50 %. 
Consumption. Coal consumption has mirrored reduced production. Major 
changes will depend on future economical developments. 
1.2 Tỡnh hỡnh ngành cụng nghiệp than ở Việt Nam 
Trữ lượng (nghỡn tấn) 
Than quảng Ninh 4,049,559 
Than bựn 331,790 
Than địa phương 37,434 
Than khỏc 165,109 
Khoỏi Chõu 1,580,956 
Antraxit 4,118,349 
Sub-bitumious 1,580,956 
Than nõu 96,319 
Than bựn 331,790 
2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2025- 
Tổng 3,695,447 285,357 391,376 473,347 547,024 1,998,334 
Quang Ninh 2,826,620 269,247 368,945 390,101 393,100 1,405,227 
Khỏc 16,109 22,432 83,246 153,924 593,117 
Than khỏc 9,276 11,073 11,897 11,474 46,320 
Than bựn 235,438 1,833 2,500 2,500 2,500 9,145 
Than địa 
phương 18,478 5,000 7,222 11,667 17,222 194,327 
Khoỏi chõu 524,871 - 1,636 57,182 122,727 343,326 
Năm 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 
Sản lượng 41,340 49.015 51,850 44,815 42,315 38,740 
Khả năng khai thỏc 
1.3 Tỡnh hỡnh năng lượng điện ở Việt Nam 
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 
Nhập khẩu 510 758 2250 5724 5724 
Điện hạt nhõn 0 0 0 1000 11000 
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT 250 1196 2451 2951 4051 
NĐ dầu – khớ 6029 8579 11579 18329 18329 
NĐ than 1830 5924 27424 65024 118424 
Thủy điện 5561 9133 16049 18449 23749 
Đơn vị đo : MW 
020,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025
Thủy điện
NĐ than
NĐ dầu – khớ
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
Điện hạt nhõn
Nhập khẩu
MW 
2010
3%0% 5%
34%
23%
35%
Nhập khẩu
Điện hạt nhõn
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khớ
NĐ than
Thủy điện
2020
5%
1%
3%
16%
58%
17% Nhập khẩu
Điện hạt nhõn
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khớ
NĐ than
Thủy điện