English for specific purposes english texts for students-agronomists
Tóm tắt English for specific purposes english texts for students-agronomists: ...ice. Underline the subordinate clauses in the following sentences. 1. Light-coloured objects and organisms tend to reflect light, which can then be used or absorbed by other plants, water and materials, or sent back into the atmosphere. 2. You can create different habitats and diversify t... not usually available from commercial outlets but older gardeners can often tell you about them and may be able to give you seeds or seedings. 2. Comprehension check.(pair-work) Answer the following questions. a. What do you base on to classify plants? b. How many basic functions of plan...stem l. enclose m. maturity n. arthropods o. exoskeleton p. exceed q. metamorphosis - insect in the first stage of its life after coming out of the egg. - insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult - a young insect emerges from an egg. - very small insect tha...
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system anchors the plant firmly in the soil, and absorbs water and various dissolved raw materials from it. The typical shoot system consists of a main stem upon which are borne leaves, branch shoots, and sometimes flowers. It should be emphasized that the word stem and shoot are not synonymous, the word “shoot‟ being a collective term for both stem and leaves. The leaves are the chief food-producing organs of the plant, making complex foods in the presence of light by a process called photosynthesis. The stem supports the leaves, displaying them in the light needed for photosynthesis, and also acts as the main channel of communication between the various organs of the plant. Water and dissolved minerals absorbed by the roots are carried in the stem to the leaves and flowers, and foods synthesized in the leaves are conducted away through the stem to other regions of the plant, both above and below ground, where they are either used for growth or else stored for future use. Flowers are organs that are concerned with the reproduction of the species by seeds. 1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? A. How plant produce seeds B. Different types of flowers C. The structure of plants D. How leaves grow 2. According to the passage, what is one main function of the root system? A. To absorb light for growth B. To create mineral for nutrition C. To speed the reproduction process D. To secure the plant in the ground 3. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree? A. The shoot is part of the stem B. The stem is part of the shoot C. The stem and the shoot are identical D. The stem is not part of a flowering plant 4. The major food-producing part of a plant is the .................. . A. leaf B. root C. flower D. shoot 5. The author implies that plants with flowers ............................ . A. are likely to have long root B. are not reproducing organisms C. can be grown from seeds D. are the most beautiful of all plants 6. What did the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss? A. The anatomy of fruit-bearing trees B. Methods of increasing plant production C. The definition of a plant body D. The differences between flowers and leaves III. SECTION 3: (Writing) (25 marks) A. Change the following sentences into the passive form. 1. They have planned to build some rubber plantations in hill areas. 114 2. We have decided to plant the flowers in pots. 3. They intend to change the plan for the farm. 4. The farmer remembers being taught the technique to improve unhealthy soils. 5. They should take advantages of wild energy to make electricity. B. Combine the following pairs to make a sentence expressing purpose. 1. Please, shut the gate. I don‟t want the horses get out of the field. 2. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds. Plants can absorb the nutrients. 3. You should plant a diverse range of species. No one pest can attack all the trees. 4. He tries to design a good ecosystem for his gaeden. He wants the new species of plants to grow well there. 5. The government has forbidden purchasing or using products from wild animals. They wanted the wild animals to be fully protected. C. Combine the following pairs to make a new complex sentence, using the conjunctions you have learnt before. 1. The water table rises towards the surface. Naturally occurring salts are dissolved and concentrated in the upper soil layer. 2. Mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw . They will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank. The mulches break down. 3. The light was absorbed. It is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat energy or turned into chemical energy by green plants. They photosynthesis. 4. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times. It is growing and then chopped into the soil. It flowers and seeds. 5. You may feel it is not ethical to eat red meat because of the environmental cost of feeding most of the world's grain to beef and pigs. Many people are starving; or you may be concerned about land degradation occurring through removal of forests of grazing land. 6. The people live in simple houses, built with mudbricks or recycled timbers and use solar and wind-powered electricity. The forests here are being conserved very well. 7. The community is largely self-supporting in term of water, power and food. The people do not need large incomes and can effort not to turn the land into a full-scale farm. 8. Plants and crops die. They are unable to tolerate the high salt levels. 9. Many desert regions and arid zones have been sensitively managed by people who travelled around their lands. They hunted or tended their animals. 10. The community was allowed to have a multiple occupancy title to their land. The local government office declared that the land was useless for conventional agriculture. 115 I. New vocabulary: abort (v) : sáøy thai abortion (n) : sæû sáøy thai absorb (v) : háúp thu acceptability (n) : khaí nàng cháúp nháûn account for (v) : chiãúm tè lãû, giaíi trê achieve (v) : âaût âæåüc thaình quaí acidity (n) : a-xêt adapt (v) : thêch nghi aerate (v) : laìm thäng khê affect (v) : aính hæåíng alkali (adj.) : kiãöm alley (n) : ngoî heîm, läúi âi coï träöng cáy allocation (n) : sæû chè âënh amenable (adj.) : chëu âæåüc anchorage (n) : baïm chàût, giæî chàût annual (adj.) : haìng nàm, bçnh quán nàm aphids (n) : rãûp væìng aquaculture (n) : nuäi träöng thuyí saín arid (adj.) : khä càòn, vä vë arthropods (n) : âäüng váût chán âäút aspect (n) : màût, bçnh diãûn attempt (n) : dæû âënh, yï âäö auger (n) : caïi khoan backbone (n) : xæång säúng balance (n) (v) : sæû cán bàòng, cán âäúi beetle (n) : boü caïnh cæïng benefit (n) : låüi nhuáûn beyond (pre.) : væåüt landscape (n) : caính quan, phong caính larva (n) : áúu truìng laterite (n) : âaï ong layer (n) : táöng, låïp leach (v) (n) : loüc qua levee (n) : con âã lime (n) : väi limestone (n) : âaï väi livestock (n) : chàn nuäi living organism (n) : sinh váût säúng loose (n) : âáút xäúp, mãöm, khäng chàût maintain (v) : duy trç mammal (n) : âäüng váût coï vuï marginal land (n) : âáút ven båì mature (adj.) : træåíng thaình maturity (n) : træåíng thaình measure (n) (v) : giåïi haûn, tiãu chuáøn ; âo mechanization (n) : cå giåïi hoaï merger (n) : sæû håüp nháút metamorphosis (n) : sæû biãún hçnh methodology (n) : hãû phæång phaïp microscopic (adj.) : ráút nhoí miracle (n) : âiãöu thaình diãûu model (n) : máùu, mä hçnh moderate (v) : âiãöu hoaì 116 quaï, phêa bãn kia biocide (n) : thuäúc træì sáu blood sample (n) : máùu maïu boundary (n) : ranh giåïi breakdown (n) : ræû tan raî, tháút baûi brucellosis(n) :bãûnh sáøy thai truyãön nhiãùm calves (n) : bã con carry out (v) : tiãún haình, âang thæûc hiãûn cash crop (n) : näng saín haìng hoaï catalyst (n) : cháút xuïc taïc catchmen (n) : læu væûc säng, sæû dáùn næåïc cease (v) : dæìng, ngæìng (hoaût âäüng) characteristic (n) : tênh cháút âàûc træng claim (v) : cäng bäú, cho ràòng cleans (v) : laìm saûch cleanse (v) : laìm trong saûch clipping (n) : càõt ra coarse (adj.) : thä, låïn colapse (v) : suûp âäù colostrum (n) : sæîa non combine (v) : kãút håüp, näúi laûi våïi nhau compact (adj.) : âàûc, daìy, ràõn chàõc components (n) : håüp cháút, thaình pháön compound (n) : håüp cháút, phán tæí concentration (n) : sæû táûp trung concept (n) : khaïi niãûm confirm (v) : khàóng âënh laûi conglomerates (n) : khäúi liãn kãút coniferous (adj.) : loaìi tuìng baïch modify (v) : laìm thay âäøi, biãún âäøi moisture (n) : håi næåïc, håi áøm monoculture (n) : âäüc canh monsoon (n) : gioï muìa moonscape (n) : caính cung tràng mulch (n) : âäö che phuí mulch (v) : phuí bäøi, che âáûy muscle (muscule) (n) :cå bàõp mussels (n) : con veûm, soì nitrate (n) : nitårat nitrogen supply (n) : sæû cung cáúp âaûm nutrient (n) : cháút dinh dæåîng nymph (n) : con nhäüng occupancy (n) : sæû cæ nguû, chiãúm hæîu oral dosing (n) : cho uäúng thuäúc organic matter (n) : cháút hæíu cå organism (n) : sinh váût, cå thãø outset (n) : ngay tæì âáöu overproduction (n) : saín xuáút thæìa paddy (n) : ruäüng luïa palatable (adj.) : ngon, laìm dãù chëu particle (n) : haût nhoí, máùu peat soil (n) : âáút than buìn penetrate (v) : tháúm qua, xuyãn qua percolation (n) : sæû tháúm qua (næåïc) perennial (n)(adj) : cáy láu nàm, vénh viãùn period (n) : khoaíng thåìi 117 conservation forest(n) : ræìng baío täön conservely (adv.) : ngæåüc laûi consult (v) : xin låìi khuyãn cuía ai consumer (n) : ngæåìi tiãu duìng consumerism (n) : baío vãû quyãön låüi n.t.duìng contamination (n) : sæû nhiãùm bãûnh contract (v) : cáúp giáúy pheïp, chæïng nháûn conventional (adj.) : táûp tuûc, lãû thoïi cotton boll (n) : quaí bäng, quaí nang crayfish (n) : con täm create (v) : taûo ra, sing ra creek (n) : laûch næåïc, säng con criticism (n) : sæû phã bçnh, chè trêch crop rotation (n) : luán canh cáy träöng crust (n) : cuûc, taíng cultivate (v) : caìy cáúy, nuäi träöng cure (v) : chæîa trë bãûnh cycle (n) : quay voìng, laìm chuyãøn biãún cyclone(n) : vung gioï xoaïy, vuìng aïp tháúp dairy cattle (n) : boì sæîa decay (n) (v) : sæû suy taìn, phán huyí, muûc deciduous beech : cáy säöi ruûng laï såïm decomposition (n): sæû phán huyí, thäúi ræîa decrease (v) : giaím xuäúng depletion (n) : haûn chãú vãö säú læåüng deposite (v) : làõng âäüng gian, thåìi kyì peripheral species (n): giäúng ngoaìi vuìng pest (n) : sáu haûi pesticides (n) : thuäúc træì sáu pierce (v) : choüc thuíng, khoeït läù placenta (placentae) : nhau thai plain (adj.) : thuáön plain (n) : âäöng bàòng plough (v) : caìy, xåïi policy (n) : chênh saïch polyculture (n) : âa can pond (n) : ao, häö pore (n) : läù khê åí laï cáy predominant (adj.) : chiãúm æu thãú preferable (adj.) : thêch nháút pregnant (n) : âang mang thai presence (n) : sæû hiãûn diãûn, coï màût preserve (v) : duy trç, âãø daình, âàût træåïc pressure (n) : aïp suáút, aïp læûc prevent (v) : phoìng traïnh, ngàn caín price (n) : giaï caí process (n) : quaï trçnh produce (v) : saín xuáút product (n) : saín pháøm pronounced (adj.) : ráút hiãøn nhiãn, roî raìng protect (v) : baío vãû provide (v) : cung cáúp pupa (n) : con nhäüng purview (n) : nhaín quan, 118 deserts (n) : hoang maûc desirable(adj) :ao æåïc, triãøn voüng desolate (adj.) : hoang vu laûnh leîo destroy (v) : taìn phaï determine (v) : xaïc âënh dig (v) : âaìo, xåïi discern (v) : nháûn thæïc roî, phán biãût diver (n) : thåü làûn domestic(adj.) :thuäüc näüi âëa, trong næåïc drainage (n) : sæû ruït næåïc, sæû tiãu næåïc due to (adv) : do, vç dust (v) : laìm saûch buûi dwelling (n) : sæû åí, chäù åí, nhaì åí ecofarm (n) : näng tang sinh thaïi ecologist (n) : nhaì sinh thaïi hoüc ecosystem (n) : hãû sinh thaïi efficiency (n) : hiãûu quaí emphasis (n) : táöm quan troüng, nháún gioüng employ (v) : lao âäüng, laìm viãûc empower (v) : trao quyãön, cho pheïp enclose (v) : raìo quanh, gæîi keìm endemic (n) : bãûnh truyãön nhiãùm equity (n) : tênh cäng bàòng erode (v) : xoïi moìn estuary (n) : cæía säng ethic (adj.) : thuäüc täüc ngæåìi, vä tháön caring (adj.) : chu âaïo ethical (adj.) : thuäüc vãö táöm hiãøu biãút quotas (n) : chè tiãu raise (v) : laìm tàng lãn, nuäi träöng reasonable (adj.) : håüp lyï rectify (v) : sæía laûi cho âuïng recycle (v) : taïi chãú, laìm luán chuyãøn redistribution (n) : phán phäúi refine (v) : gaûn loüc regain (v) : häöi phuûc, thu laûi âæåüc regenerate (v) : taïi sinh, phuûc häöi regular (adj.) : thæåìng xuyãn release (v) : thaíi ra, thoaït ra removal (n) : thanh toaïn hãút, doün saûch renowned (adj.) : näøi tiãúng reptile (n) : loaìi boì saït respiration (n) : hä háúp, thåí retain (v) : chæïa, giæî retard (v) : laìm cháûm laûi roots (n) : gäúc, rãù rootstock (n) : bäü rãù rotten (adj.) : thäúi ræîa, muûc naït, heïo taìn sanctuary (n) : nåi truï áøn, khu baío täön sawdust (n) : muìn cæa scheme (n) : phæång saïch, yï âäö, âãö aïn scraps (n) : loaûi thaíi seabed (n) : âaïy biãøn seed (n) : haût giäúng sequence (n) : sæû liãn tuûc, liãn tiãúp shade (n) : hçnh, hçnh daûng 119 âaûo âæïc, tám linh evaporation (n) : sæû bäúc håi evolution (n) : sæû tiãún hoaï exceed (v) : væåüt quaï giåïi haûn excessive (adj.) : dæ, thæìa exoskeleton (n) : bäü xæång ngoaìi (boü) expose (v) : phåi ra, läü ra extend (v) : måí räüng fabric (n) : cäng trçnh xd,cå cáúu, vaíi voïc factor (n) : yãúu täú flat area (n) : vuìng âáút bàòng phàóng flavour (adj.) : hæång vë fluid (n) : loíng, dãù chaíy force of gravity (n) : troüng læûc, sæïc huït forfeit (v) : traí giaï formulate (v) : cäng thæïc hoaï fraction (n) : phán säú, thaình pháön fragments (n) : maính, khuïc, âoaûn free of (adj.) : khäng bë láy nhiãùm bãûnh friable (adj) : dãù våî fungal (adj.) : náúm (gáy bãûnh) future generation (n) : thãú hãû tæång lai gestation (n) : thåìi kyì thai ngheïn glare (adj.) : aïnh nàõng choïi chang graft (n) : gheïp cáy grant (n)(v) : tråü cáúp, ban, cho gravel (n) : haût soíi shelf life (n) : thåìi haûn sæí duûng shelter (n) : chäù áøn naïu, næång tæûa shelterbelt tree (n) : cáy laìm nåi truï nguû shrink (v) : co laûi site (n) : chäù, vë trê, âëa âiãùm slope (n) : âáút triãön däúc solar energy (n) : nàng læåüng màût tråìi soluble (adj.) : hoaì tan soluble nutrient : cháút dinh dæåîng hoaì tan solution (n) : dung dëch, sæû hoaì tan sow (v) : gieo haût stable (adj.) : væîng chàõc stalk borer(n) : âuûc thán (sáu) standard (n) : chuáøn mæûc, tiãu chuáøn standpoint (n) : quan âiãùm stem (n) : thán cáy stewardship (n) : cæång vë quaín lyï storage (n) : sæû baío quaín, sæû cáút giæî store (v) : læu giæî, cáút giæî straw (n) : råm raû stress (n) : sæïc eïp; sæû càng thàóng strive (v) : cäú gàõng, pháún âáúu structure (n) : cáúu truïc subsidies (n) : tiãön tråü giaï, phuû cáúp subsistence (n) : sæû täön taûi, sinh kãú subsoil (n) : táöng âáút caïi (dæåïi âáút màût) substitution (n) : sæû thay thãú suck (v) : huït sulphur (n) : læu huyình supplement (n) : sæû cung cáúp, bäø sung 120 gritty (adj.) : coï saûn gully (n) : raính næåïc, mæång, maïng habitat (n) : mäi træåìng soïng, chäø åí, nhaì hardy : coï sæïc säúng täút harmonious (adj.) : haìi hoaì, hoaì thuáûn harvest (n)(v) : muìa vuû, thu hoaûch hatch (n)(v) : sæû áúp træïng, træïng nåí hay (n) : coí khä herd (n) : báöy âaìn (gia suïc) hone (n)(v) : cuûc âaï maìi, maìi duûng cuû hone (v) : maìi bàòng âaï maìi hoof (n) : moïng, voï humus (n) : âáút muìn hunt (v) : sàn bàõn hybrid strain (n) : giäöng lai immunity (n) : sæû miãùn nhiãùm implement (v) : thæûc thi impose (n) : âaïnh thuãú improvement (n) : caíi thiãûn, laìm täút hån incorporate (v) : saït nháûp, håüp thaình increase (n) (v) : sæû tàng lãn, phaït triãøn indigenous forest(n) : ræìng baín âëa inequality (n) : khäng bàòng nhau infect (v) : tiãm thuäúc infertility (n) : càòn cäøi, injection (n) : sæû tiãm thuäúc inoculate (v) : tiãm chuíng insecticide (n) : thuäúc supply (v) : cung cáúp sustainability (n) : tênh bãön væîng sustainable (adj.) : bãön væîng swale (n) : chäù truîng láúp âáöy buìn swell (v) : phçnh ra symbiotic (n) : sæû cäüng sinh synergistic (n) : sæû hiãûp læûc, âiãöu phäúi synergy (n) : tênh hiãûp læûc, âiãöu phäúi tariff (n) : biãøu thuãú quan tend (v) : träng nom, chàm soïc, giæî gçn texture (n) : kãút cáúu, cáúu truïc threshold (adj.) : chuáùn mæûc tissues (n) : tãú baìo title (n) : tæ caïch, danh nghéa toxic (adj.) : âäüc haûi translocation (n) : di chuyãøn âeïn nåi khaïc treatment (n) : viãûc chæîa trë bãûnh trellis (n)(v) : læåïi màõt caïo, leo giaìn m/c. tribal (adj.) : thuäüc bäü laûc tropical (adj) : thuäüc nhiãût âåïi tuberculosis (n) : bãûnh lao uncontaminated :khäng bë nhiãùm bãûnh underneath (adv.) : bãn dæåïi, màût dæåïi undernourished: khäng âæåüc cho àn âáöy âuí undertake (v) : cam kãút thæûc hiãûn undisturbed : yãn ténh, khäng bë xaïo träün validate (v) : phã chuáøn, thäng qua valley (n) : thung luîng variety (n) : biãún 121 træì cän truìng integral (adj.) : phäúi håüp, liãn kãút integration (n) : sæû phäúi håüp intensification (n) : thám canh intensity (n) : kyî thuáût thám canh interact (v) : tæång taïc, phaín æïng interrelationship (n) : mäúi tæång quan intramuscular (adj.) : bãn trong cå bàõp intravenous (adj.) : bãn trong ven (tiãm) involve (v) : coï liãn quan, läi cuäún vaìo irrigation (n) : thuyí låüi jute bag (n) : bao gai lack of (n) : thiãúu lactating cow (n) : boì sæîa thãø, sæû âa daûng verge (n) : båì,ven (âæåìng, ræìng) veterinary surgeon (n): baïc sé thuï y viable (adj.) : coï thãø säng âæåüc virgin soil (n) : âáút hoang waste (n) : âäö phãú thaíi waterlogge(v) : uïng næåïc weather (n) : sæû phong hoïa wilderness (n) : sæû hoang hoaï windbreak (n) : sæû chàõn gioï yield(v)(n) : âem laûi låüi êch, nàng suáút REFERENCE BOOKS 1. L. Sue Baugh. 1995- ''Essentials of English Grammar'' - Passport Books. 2. Rosemary Morrow. 1993- ''Earth User's Guide to Permaculture'' - Kangaroo Press. 3. Stephen Danny - Lewis Kerr. - Martin Phillips - Clarence Shettlesworth – 1985. ''Agriculture'' - Longman. 4. Williem Steenkamp. 1999 - ''Dairy farming. A Practical Manual '' - J.L van Schaik Publishers. 122 CONTENT UNIT Text Page Unit 1 Text A Text B - Soil - Agriculture Policy 2 Unit 2 Text A Text B - Tropical Soil - Agriculture of India 8 Unit 3 Text A Text B - Soils - A living organism - Agriculture of Australia 14 Unit 4 Text A Text B - Unhealthy Soil - Agriculture of The United States 20 Unit 5 Text A Text B - Repairing and improving damaged soil - Soil Components 27 Test 1 From unit 1 to unit 5 33 Unit 6 Text A Text B - Climate - Tropical Climate 37 Unit 7 Text A Text B - Microclimate - Monsoon 45 Unit 8 Text A Text B - Fertilizers - Potassium in plants 50 123 Unit 9 Text A Text B - The functions of plants - Feeding the orchard 58 Unit 10 Text A Text B - Tree selection and planting - Planting fruit trees 63 Test 2 From unit 6 to unit 10 68 Unit 11 Text A Text B - Trees - Trees, Forests and Animals 73 Unit 12 Text A Text B - What is land-use planning - Permaculture 78 Unit 13 Text A Text B - Insects - Pest management 84 Unit 14 Text A Text B - Dairy farming - Health Care 89 Unit 15 Text A Text B - Natural forests - Sustainable growing and living in different Regions 94 Test 3 From unit 11 to unit 15 98 Unit 16 Text A Text B - Aquaculture - The water polyculture - New sustainable cultures 103 Test 4 Final Test 109 New Vocabulary 115 Reference Books 119 Table of contents 120
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