Giáo trình Anh Văn kỹ thuật nông nghiệp

ty.
6. A plant transforms water and carbon dioxide into sugar and starch in the 
presence of light. Its purpose in doing this is to provide the plant with food and 
energy for growth and reproduction.
7. We apply inorganic materials to the soil. Our object in doing this is to increase 
the supply of one or more of the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, 
phosphorous, and potash. 
8. Tile drains may be laid in or on the land. The reason for this is to remove surplus 
water from the fields.
9. We should keep ditches as straight as possible and on an even gradient. The 
reason for this is to prevent them from silting up.
10. We add bulky materials to the soil like animal or green manure. Our aim in 
doing this is to improve the physical condition of the soil and to keep up its 
humus content.
2. Expressing purpose: in order to + infinitive / so as to + infinitive
E.g We need irrigation. The reason for this is to make up for lack of natural rainfall.
 = Irrigation is needed in order to/so as to make up for lack up natural rainfall.
Rewrite the sentences in Exercise B using the new structure in order to/so as to 
+infinitive and the passive form as in the above example.
3. Infinitive or verb-ing?
Do you remember ?
- Some verbs in English are followed by the infinitive, ‘to’:
 I want to finish my essay today.
- Others are followed by the -ing form:
 I enjoy playing football.
- Verbs followed by a particle like ‘in’, ‘from’, etc. are followed by the -ing form:
 He insisted on going to a film last night.
- Some verbs can take both ‘to’ and -ing, but their meaning sometimes changes:
 He remembered (= did not forget) to bring his book.
 I remember (= recall) meeting his brother last year.
Now complete the following sentences:
a. He suggested (watch) ............................... the football match on Saturday.
b. I didn’t stop (work) ....................... until midnight last night.
c. I’m sorry, I’ve forgotten (bring) ......................... my essay.
d. What machine do we use (plough) ....................... the field ?
e. You must avoid (spill) .................... chemicals on your hands.
f. Try (understand) ...................... what the lecturer is saying.
g. Try (look) .................... that word up in your dictionary.
h. Would you mind (explain) .................... that again ?
I. The lecturer began (talk) ................... about cereal crops.
k. Tomorrow I intend (discuss) ..................... different kinds of fertilizer.
m. Sickness prevented him from (attend) ........................ the demonstration.
n. I am looking forward to (study) ...................... agriculture.
4. Joining sentences
Match the following clauses together, using and, but, when, after, so and because.
1. the next evening he needed them a. Robert could not attend
2. he arrived at the canteen b. Robert finally arrived
3. this did not please Andrew very much c. he went to the canteen to 
 look for Robert
4. last night Andrew lent Robert his d. Robert has not return them
 lecture notes
5. Andrew needed his notes immediately e. Robert was not there
6. he had waited for an hour f. he decided to wait
 Now arrange your sentences into a sensible paragraph.
New words and expressions:
- drum (n.):
- concave (n.):
- grain pan:
- a rearward shaking motion:
- separated:
- a cleaning unit:
- sieve (n.):
- adjustable:
- aperture (n.):
- a constant blast of air:
- prevent (v.):
- trash/chaffer (n.):
- elevate (v.):
- the grain tank:
- clutch-operated:
- rotating screen:
- acoustic chambers:
- sensors (n.):
- percussion effect:
- electrical impulse:
- control panel:
- ditch (n.):
- inadequate rainfall:
- fertilizer (n.):
- manure (n.):
- green manure:
- to correct the acidity:
- inorganic materials:
- surplus water:
- even gradient:
- humus content:
trống đập
lòng máng/máng trống
chảo thóc
chuyển động rung về phía sau
được tách ra
bộ phận làm sạch
sàng/rây
có thể điều chỉnh được
lỗ, khoảng cách
luồng hơi liên tục
ngăn ngừa
cỏ/rác
nâng lên
thùng đựng hạt
được điều khiển bằng bộ ly hợp
màn quay
khoang có độ vang
bộ cảm ứng
tác động gõ
xung điện
bảng điều khiển
con mương nước
lượng mưa không đủ
phân bón (hóa học)
phân chuồng
phân xanh
điều chỉnh độ chua (của đất)
các chất vô cơ
nước thừa
độ dốc ngang nhau
lượng mùn
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UNIT 10: FARM MANAGEMENT
I. Reading text:
Management is the key ingredient. The manager ‘make’ or ‘break’ a business. Brain are 
more important than brawn. How often have you heard these or similar statements or read 
them in farm magazines? They all emphasize an important factor in the operation of a farm or 
ranch in today’s world. Management is important. This does not mean that management was 
not important in the past. However in agriculture which is highly mechanized, uses many 
technological innovations, and operates with large amounts of borrowed capital, management 
takes on a new dimension and importance.
Why do some farmers make more money than others? Why do some farm businesses 
grow and expand while others struggle to maintain their current size? Good or bad luck can 
not explain all the differences observed in the profitability of farms and ranches even among 
those which have about the same amount of land and capital available. Farm business records 
from many states show the top one-third of the farm to be highly profitable while the bottom 
one-third are often operating as a loss. Why the difference? Observation and analysis often 
lead to the same conclusion. The difference is due to management.
These differences in management can show up in three areas: production, marketing and 
financing. Production differences include the choice of agricultural commodities to be 
produced and how they are produced. Marketing includes the when, where, and how of 
purchasing inputs and selling commodities. Differences here are reflected in different prices 
paid and received. Financing covers not only borrowing money and the related questions of 
when, where, and how much, but also the entire area of how to acquire the resources 
necessary to produce agricultural commodities. There is risk to be considered in all three 
areas – how farm managers adapt to and handle this risk can have a major impact on profit.
If management is so important, we must ask even more questions. What exactly is 
management? What do managers do ? what is the difference between management and labor ? 
what knowledge and skills are needed to become a better manager ?
Farm and ranch management
There are some differences in the management of a farms or ranch and a management 
of a non-farm business corporation. The obvious differences are in size, type of business, and 
the products or services produced. Other differences include the relationship between labor 
and management and the setting of goals.
In a corporation, the board of directors sets policies and goals and hires managers to 
achieve them. It is generally easy to separate corporation employees who are managers from 
those who provide the labor necessary to produce a product or provide a service. On a typical 
farm or ranch, one individual or a family group sets the goals, provides the management, and 
performs much or all of the labor required. This makes it difficult to separate the management 
activity from labor because the same individuals are involved and both tasks may be 
performed at the same time. For example, a farmer may be mentally planning a marketing 
strategy or developing next year’s cropping program while operating a tractor or combine. 
When one person performs both the management and labor functions, there is a danger that 
the immediate need for labor to perform some task will place management in a secondary 
role, with management decisions postpones or delayed.
These differences are not readily apparent when definitions of business management 
and farm and ranch management are compared, but they are nevertheless important. There are 
many different textbook definitions of farm and ranch management, but several common 
points run through all of them. One of the more concise definitions is ‘Farm management is 
concerned with the decisions which affect the profitability of the farm business’. This broad 
English for Specific Purposes 1
1
definition contains several important points. First, it identifies profitability as a major 
objective of the business but not necessarily to the exclusion of other objectives. Second, this 
definition specifically identifies decisions and decision making as part of the management 
process.
Other farm management texts contain alternative definitions but with many of the 
same concepts or ideas. There is usually some reference to decisions or decision making as 
being part of management process. Also some mention is made of goals or objectives. This 
may be done in general terms, or a more specific goal such as profit maximization may be 
identified as being an important end to which the management effort is directed. Finally, some 
mention of the organization and operation of the farm or ranch business is included in many 
definitions.
Farm and ranch management can be thought of, then, as being a decision-making 
process. It is a continual process because of the continual changes taking place in our 
economy and in an individual business. The decision are concerned with allocating the limited 
resources of land, labor, and capital among alternative and usually competing uses. This 
allocation process forces the manager to identify goals and objectives to guide and direct the 
decision making.
In this text, the following definition will be adopted: farm and ranch management is 
the decision-making process whereby limited resources are allocated to a number of 
production alternatives to organize and operate the business in such a way as to attain some 
objective(s). While this definition is somewhat long, it does identify most of the 
characteristics of the management activities found on farms and ranches.
II. Comprehension questions:
1. Why has farm management taken on a new dimension and importance ?
2. Does luck account for the success or failure of farms ?
3. What factor does account for the success or failure of farms ?
4. In what three areas does the farm manager face risks ?
5. What is different between a farm and a business corporation ?
6. Why is it difficult to separate management and labor on a farm ?
7. What danger does a farmer who is both manager and worker face ?
8. What ideas do most definitions of farm management have in common ?
9. How does the writer think of farm management ?
10. Why does this process go on all the time ?
III. Vocabulary:
1. Look at the first paragraph again. What words respond to the definitions:
• a measurement of any sort
• something new that is introduced
• physical strength
• money with which the business is started or expanded
• something that is said
2. Look at par. 2 again. What words have the same meaning as:
• keep
• present, at the moment
English for Specific Purposes 2
2
• working
3. Look at par. 3, 4 again. What words have the opposite meaning to:
• minor
• exclude
• selling
• lending
• ignorance
4. Look at par. 5, 6 again. What words have the same meaning as:
• carries out, does
• reach, attain
• employs
• in the mind
• very clear, easy to understand
• put off until the later date
5. Look at par. 9. 10. What words correspond to these definitions ;
• giving as a share or for a purpose
• choice between two or more things
• by which
IV. Grammar:
A. –ing form or the infinitive ?
Eg: He admitted taking my book but He agreed to lend me his book.
• Make sentences from the following notes. Think whether you should use the 
infinitive or the –ing form after the verbs.
1. he /suggest / read / chapter 5 / before / we / go / lecture.
2. He / want / spend / more time / study.
3. The rain / not stop / fall / until yesterday evening.
4. A good farmer / try / set / objectives.
5. Peter / prevent / harvest / his crop / bad weather.
6. I / enjoy / listen / music.
7. He / not mind / work / weekends.
8. I / not want / risk / fail / my exams.
9. He / forget / hand in / his essay / yesterday.
10. There / nothing / that shop / worth / buy.
11. It / no use / leave / your work / last minute.
12. I / miss / watch / college football match / last week.
13. He / hope / get / good results / his examinations.
14. I / expect / grow / more vegetables / next year.
B. Make nouns from the following adjectives, using –ness or –ability.
1. Complete 2. Useful 3. Profitable
4. Suitable 5. Comparable 6. Wet
English for Specific Purposes 3
3
7. Dry 8. Responsible 9. Hard 10. 
Divisible
New words and expressions:
- management (n.):
- brawn (n.):
- the operation of a farm:
- ranch (n.):
- technological innovation:
- borrowed capital:
- maintain (v.):
- profitable (adj.):
- be due to:
- agriculture commodities:
- the setting of goals:
- individual (n.):
- apparent (adj.):
- allocation (n.):
- major objective:
- characteristic (n.):
sự quản lý
cơ bắp
việc điều hành một trang trại
trại chăn nuôi
sự đổi mới kỹ thuật
vốn vay mượn
duy trì
có lợi nhuận
do bởi
các mặt hàng nông sản
việc đặt ra mục tiêu
cá nhân
rõ ràng
sự phân phối
mục đích chính
đặc điểm
English for Specific Purposes 4
4
--- o0o ---
English for Specific Purposes 5
5
Further reading: WATER PUMPING SYSTEM
Experimental study of the vertical-axis sail-wing
A simplified wind powered water pumping system is essential and suitable to the 
people in developing countries. It should be simple in design and should be made from 
indigenous and low cost materials, so it is cost effective and feasible for introduction to 
farmers. For this purpose, sail-wing windmills are the most suitable types. 
There are two types of sail-wing windmills. One is a horizontal-axis wind rotor and 
the other is a vertical-axis one. In order to determine the optimum design configuration of 
the rotor, various model tests were carried out in a wind-tunnel. The effects of design 
parameters on the aerodynamic performance of the rotor were experimentally 
determined. The parameters were the shape of the sail and the number of sails. On the 
basis of experimental studies in a wind tunnel, a full-scale windmill was fabricated. Its 
design has four sails of rectangular shape. Experimental studies were carried out to 
clarified the water discharge capability and starting characteristics of this V-axis sail-
wing water pumping system. The results of the experiment show that the V-axis sail-wing 
water pumping system has self-starting characteristics and the capability to pump up 25 
l/m of water at 6 m/s velocity. By contrast, the Savonius-type water pumping system 
could pump up only 13 l/m of water at the same wind velocity. Thus it can be concluded 
from the performance that V-axis sail-wing windmill is suitable for water pumping 
systems.
(adapted from the report of DEI, CHANDRAand USHIYAMA at the international 
workshop on AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION-CURRENT STATUS AND 
ISSUES OF PRIORITIES, 1998)
Questions:
 1. Why is this kind of water pumping system suitable for farmers in developing 
countries ?
2. Where do the model tests take place ?
3. How many sails has the windmill got ? What shape are they ?
4. What is the purpose of the experimental studies ?
6. The advantage of the V-axis sailing water pumping system in comparison to the 
Savonius-type .
--- o0o ---
MECHANIZATION IN SUGAR CANE PRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF SEED CANE PLANTER -
Sugar cane is one of the sweet source producing crop grown in tropical and 
subtropical regions. Sugar cane is grown as one of the main crops in south-east islands of 
Kagoshima and Okinawa which locate the most southern part of Japan, and contributed to 
the development of regional agricultural industries. Recently, the number of farmers 
decreased in sugar cane production region and the cultivated area or the yield of sugar 
cane tends to decrease. For sugar cane production, many kinds of operations are required 
such as tilling, planting, weed control, applying pesticide, harvesting, leaf stripping and 
conditioning. The mechanization of each operation has been demanded and tilling, 
maintenance of the field and harvesting operation have been mechanized, and the 
English for Specific Purposes 6
6
working hour has gradually decreased while the growing area per farm household has 
increased in these several years. But the seed-cane planting has not mechanized which 
shares nearly 20% of the whole working hours for sugar cane production. Therefore, to 
develop the full automatic seed-cane planter, a prototype machine was developed and the 
planting performance was evaluated.
Seed-cane planting
The first step for planting sugar cane is to prepare the seed-cane which is cut from 
the stem in the length of 20 to 30 cm generally containing two buds. After tilling and 
making groove on field, seed-canes are put horizontally at the bottom of the groove and 
covered with soil at the depth of around 20 to 30 cm. Some parts of the seed-cane 
planting operation is mechanized as the one or two additional operator should ride on a 
planting machine which is called semi-automatic planter. 
The aiming of this research is to develop a full automatic seed-cane planter with 
any additional operator. This system enables to operate all of the planting procedure such 
as tilling soil, seed-cane planting, covering soil and mulching by one operator who is 
driving a tractor. This research may contribute to the establishment of the mechanized 
sugar cane production from planting through harvesting. In this research, a feeding 
mechanism of two buds-seed-cane was developed and evaluated. With the results 
obtained in a laboratory test, field tests were carried out mounting the developed system 
behind tractor and rotary tiller.
Materials and methods
The seed-cane variety used in this test was Nco310 and the 20 cm seed-cane were 
cut from the sugar cane stem of 150 to 180 cm length. The average diameter of the seed-
canes was 2.1 cm and weight was 77.3 g. The schematic diagram of the tested seed-cane 
feeding mechanism is shown in the Fig. below. The seed-canes are kept in hopper which 
can hold 500 seed-canes and are shaken by the board for the smooth feeding to the 
rotating roll. The seed-cane are fed downward by a couple of rolls (20cm diameter and 
30cm length) to the groove conveyor and then carried to the planting outlet. At the lower 
end of the shaking board, 12 links of chains are attached to assist the smooth feeding of 
seed-canes. The board was shaken by a cam attached on roll shaft and they shook 3 times 
per one rotation of the roll. The roll was made of urethane rubber. A guide plate was 
mounted under the roll to ensure seed-canes filling in conveyor groove. The under cover 
of the conveyor was supported by coil spring. The outlet height was designed to be 30cm 
from the bottom regarding the conventional planting method. A vs motor was used for 
driving the roll and the conveyor at laboratory experiment.
(adapted from the reports at the International Workshop of Agricultural 
Mechanization Current Situation and Issues of Priorities, 1998)
Question:
1. Where is sugar cane grown ? Do you know anywhere in Vietnam growing sugar 
cane as one of the main crops ?
2. What kinds of operation are required in sugar cane production ? Which operation 
has not been mechanized ?
3. How are seed-canes planted in the groove ?
4. How are seed-canes fed to the groove ? What assist the smooth feeding of seed-
English for Specific Purposes 7
7
canes
5. What was the roll made of ?

English for Specific Purposes 8
8