Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Điện - Điện tử

multimeters have an 
ohmmeter setting. 
Oscilloscope 
An oscilloscope is used to display the 
shape of electrical signals and it can be 
used to measure their voltage and time 
period. 
Sensors (input devices) 
 Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component 
LDR 
A transducer which converts brightness 
(light) to resistance (an electrical 
property). 
LDR = Light Dependent Resistor 
Thermistor 
A transducer which converts temperature 
(heat) to resistance (an electrical 
property). 
Logic Gates 
Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 
0V, off). 
For more information please see the Logic Gates page. 
There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical 
Commission). 
Gate 
Type 
Traditional 
Symbol IEC Symbol Function of Gate 
NOT 
A NOT gate can only have one 
input. The 'o' on the output means 
'not'. The output of a NOT gate is 
the inverse (opposite) of its input, 
so the output is true when the 
input is false. A NOT gate is also 
called an inverter. 
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AND 
An AND gate can have two or 
more inputs. The output of an 
AND gate is true when all its 
inputs are true. 
NAND 
A NAND gate can have two or 
more inputs. The 'o' on the output 
means 'not' showing that it is a 
Not AND gate. The output of a 
NAND gate is true unless all its 
inputs are true. 
OR 
An OR gate can have two or more 
inputs. The output of an OR gate 
is true when at least one of its 
inputs is true. 
NOR 
A NOR gate can have two or 
more inputs. The 'o' on the output 
means 'not' showing that it is a 
Not OR gate. The output of a 
NOR gate is true when none of its 
inputs are true. 
EX-OR 
An EX-OR gate can only have 
two inputs. The output of an EX-
OR gate is true when its inputs are 
different (one true, one false). 
EX-
NOR
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Tãm t¾t phÇn ng÷ ph¸p dµnh cho tiÕng Anh 
chuyªn ngµnh 
The active and passive sentences 
(c©u chñ ®éng vµ c©u bÞ ®éng) 
Identification (nhËn biÕt): 
- Active sentences (c©u chñ ®éng): Mr. Son teaches English. 
- Passive sentences (c©u bÞ ®éng): English is taught by Mr. Son. 
Usages (c¸ch dïng). 
Muèn chuyÓn mét c©u tõ c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng ta thùc hiÖn c¸c b−íc 
sau: 
 Active: S V O 
Passive: S be P by agent or doer (ng−êi lµm) 
Form (c«ng thøc) 
S + Be + VPII (+ by Object) 
™ LÊy t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u bÞ ®éng . 
™ NÕu cã trî ®éng tõ trong c©u chñ ®éng, ta h·y ®Æt nh÷ng trî ®éng tõ ®ã 
liÒn ngay sau chñ ng÷ míi. 
™ Thªm tõ “be” sau trî ®éng tõ hay c¸c trî ®éng tõ cïng mét h×nh thøc 
víi ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u chñ ®éng. 
™ §Æt ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u t¸c ®éng sao cho trî ®éng tõ vµ c¸c ®éng 
tõ be ë h×nh thøc qu¸ khø ph©n tõ. 
™ §Æt chñ ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng sau ®éng tõ trong c©u bÞ ®éng víi giíi tõ 
by ®i tr−íc (còng cã thÓ bá h¨nt nÕu nã kh«ng quan träng hoÆc ®−îc 
hiÓu ngÇm 
1. Simple present tense (th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n) 
Subject + am/is/are + Past 
participle 
Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/ aren’t + P II
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Example: 
Active: Anna write a letter. 
Passive: A letter is written by Anna. 
2. Present continuous tense (th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn) 
Example: 
Subject + am/is/are being+ P II 
Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/ aren’t being + P II. 
Am/is/are + Subject + being P II ?
 Active: The factory is recruiting new employees 
 Passive: New employees are being recruited by the factory 
3. Past simple tense (th× qu¸ khø ®¬n) 
Example: 
Active: John Loggies Baird invented television in 1925 
Passive: television was invented by John Loggies Baird in 1925 
 (ti vi ®−îc John Loggies Baird ph¸t minh vµo n¨m 1925) 
Subject + was/were + P II 
Subject + wasn’t/ weren’t + P II. 
Was/ were + Subject + P II ?
4. Past continuous tense (th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn) 
Example : 
Subject + was/were being P II 
Subject + wasn’t/ weren’t being P II. 
Was/ were + Subject being + P II ?
 Active: Rescue workers were delivering relief in Afghanistan 
 Passive: Relief was being delivered by rescue workers in Afghanistan. 
5. Present perfect tense (th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh) 
Example: 
Subject + has/have +been + PII 
Subject + hasn’t/haven’t + been + PII. 
Has/have + S been + P II ?
Active: Many local people have witnessed this event. 
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Passive: This event has been witnessed by local people. 
 (nhiÒu ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng ®· tõng chøng kiÕn sù kiÖn nµy) 
6. Past perfect tense (th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh) 
Subject + had +been + PII 
Subject + hadn’t + been + PII. 
Had + S been + P II ?
7. Simple future tense (th× t−¬ng lai ®¬n) 
Example: 
Active: In the future, modern machines will replace human operators 
Subject + will/shall +be + PII 
Subject + won’t/shan’t + be + PII. 
Shall/will + S been + P II ?
 Passive: In the future, human operators will be replaced by modern 
machines (ng−êi vËn hµnh sÏ ®−îc thay thÕ b»ng c¸c m¸y mãc hiªn ®¹i) 
8. Near future tense (th× t−¬ng lai gÇn) 
Example: 
Active: Scientists are going to complete this project by 2008 
Passive: This project is going to be completed by scientists by 2008. 
 (dù ¸n nµy sÏ ®−îc c¸c nhµ khoa häc hoµn thµnh tr−íc n¨m 
2008) 
Subject + am/is/are going to be + PII 
Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/aren’t going to + be + PII. 
Am/is/are + S going to be + P II ?
9. Modal verbs (c¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu) 
Example: 
Subject + can/must/have to/may be + PII 
Subject + can’t/mustn’t/ don’t(doesn’t) have to/may not + be + PII. 
Can/must/may + S be + P II ? 
Do/does + S + have to be P II ?
 This program can meet demands. 
 Demands can be met by this program 
(c¸c nhu cÇu cã thÓ ®−îc ch−¬ng tr×nh nµy ®¸p øng) 
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L Notice (chó ý) 
™ Ta cã thÓ bá by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by 
someone, by somebody, by people trong c¸c bÞ ®éng nÕu kh«ng muèn 
nªu râ t¸c nh©n, hoÆc thÊy kh«ng quan träng. 
™ NÕu c©u bÞ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ n¬i chèn th× ®Æt chóng tr−íc 
(by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng). 
EX: the police found him in the forest. 
 He was found in the forest by police. 
™ NÕu c©u chñ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th× ®Æt chóng sau by + 
t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng. 
EX: My parents are going to buy a car tomorrow. 
 A car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow. 
™ NÕu ®éng tõ cã 2 t©n ng÷ th× chän mét trong 2 t©n ng÷ lµm chñ ng÷ 
trong c©u bÞ ®éng. Tuy nhiªn, t©n ng÷ vÒ ng−êi or t©n ng÷ thø nhÊt ®−îc 
−u tiªn nhiÒu h¬n. 
EX: He gave us a book 
 We were given a book 
Or: A book was given us 
Exercise 1: 
Change the following sentences into passive sentences 
1. Somebody has taken my briefcase. 
2. She had finished her report by noon. 
3. The mad dog bit the little boy. 
4. The police have arrested five suspects. 
5. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest. 
6. Lightning struck the house. 
7. A group of students have met their friend at the railway station. 
8. The didn’t allow Tom to take these books home. 
9. The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow. 
10. This is the second time they have written to us about this. 
11. Mr. Son taught us English for 1 year. 
12. They didn’t look after the children properly. 
13. Nobody swept this street last week. 
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14. People drink a great deal of tea in England 
15. People speak English all over the world. 
16. Tom was writing two poems. 
17. She often takes her dog for a walk. 
18. They can’t make tea with cold water. 
19. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant. 
20. Somebody has taken some of my book away. 
21. They will hold a meeting before May Day. 
22. They have to repair the engine of the car. 
23. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures. 
24. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday. 
25. They may use this room for the classroom. 
26. The teacher is going to tell a story. 
27. Mary is cutting the cake with a sharp knife. 
28. The children looked at the woman with a red hat. 
29. She used to pull my hat over my eyes. 
30. For the past years, I have done all my washing by hands. 
31. The police haven’t found the murderer yet. 
32. They sold one of her own paintings at 1,000 
33. I will put your gloves back in your drawer. 
34. People speak English in almost every corner of the world. 
35. You mustn’t use this machine after 5:30 p.m 
36. Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name. 
37. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board. 
38. You must clean the wall before you paint it. 
39. The told the new student where to sit. 
40. I knew that they had told him of the meeting. 
41. Nobody has ever treated me such kindness. 
42. No one believes his story. 
43. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam. 
44. We must take goof care of books borrowed from the library. 
45. A man I know told about it. 
46. We can’t never find him at home for me he is always on the move. 
47. They use milk for making butter and cheese. 
Exercise 2: 
Change following sentences from active to passive (questions form) 
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1. Do they teach English here? 
2. Will you invite her to your wedding party? 
3. Did our English teacher give us some exercises? 
4. Is she going to sing a song? 
5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory? 
6. Is she making big cakes for the party? 
7. Has Tom finished the work? 
8. Are the police making inquires about the thief? 
9. Must we finish the test before ten? 
10. Will buses bring children home? 
11. When will you do the work? 
12. How many days did she spend finishing the work? 
13. What books are people reading this year? 
14. How did the police find the lost man? 
15. How long have they waited for the doctor? 
16. What time can the boys hand in their paper? 
17. Why didn’t they help him? 
18. Who is giving her flowers? 
19. Who looked after the children for you? 
Relative clauses 
(mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ) 
I. Identification (x¸c ®Þnh): 
™ Relative clause cßn ®−îc gäi lµ Adjective clause (mÖnh ®Ò tÝnh ng÷) v× 
nã lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô ®−îc dïng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã 
(tiÒn ng÷). 
™ Relative clause ®−îc nèi víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh bëi c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hÖ 
Who, Which, Whose, That or c¸c tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ When, Where, Why. 
™ VÞ trÝ: Relative clause ®øng sau c¸c danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa. 
II. Classification (sù ph©n lo¹i) 
 Cã hai lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò th−êng dïng: 
1. Defining relative clauses (mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh): 
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- MÖnh ®Ò nµy m« t¶ cho danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã ®Ó ph©n biÖt nã víi 
c¸c danh tõ cïng lo¹i kh¸c. Mét mÖnh ®Ò lo¹i nµy cÇn thiÕt ®Ó hiÓu râ 
danh tõ (chñ ng÷). 
The man who told me this refused to give me his name 
 “who told me this” lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu chóng ta bá c©u nµy th× 
nghÜa cña c©u kh«ng râ rµng, chóng ta kh«ng biÕt ®ang nãi vÒ ai. Chó ý lµ: 
kh«ng dïng dÊu phÈy gi÷a mét danh tõ vµ mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. 
- MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau th−êng lµ the+ Noun, chóng 
còng cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông víi c«ng thøc a/an+ N kh«ng cÇn cã THE 
vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh 
All, none, anybody, somebody, those. 
 C¸c tõ trªn thØnh tho¶ng x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ theo c¸ch gi¸n 
tiÕp. C¸c danh tõ/®¹i tõ trong tr−êng hîp ®ã th−êng lµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ or 
giíi tõ: 
 I met someone who said he knew you. 
 The guidebook is about devices which are necessary for our 
work. 
 ThØnh tho¶ng c¸c mÖnh ®Ò nµy ®−îc t¸ch ra tõ danh tõ/ ®¹i tõ b»ng mét 
tõ or côm tõ. 
 I saw something in the paper which interest you. 
 Nh−ng b×nh th−êng Relative clause cã thÓ ®−îc thay thÕ trùc tiÕp sau 
®¹i tõ/danh tõ cña chóng. 
 The noise that he makes woke everybody up. 
 She was annoyed by something that I had said. 
2. Non-defining relative clause 
- MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®ù¬c thay thÕ sau c¸c danh tõ mµ 
®· x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ råi. Do ®ã, chóng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ nh−ng Ýt 
khi thªm mét th«ng tin vµo danh tõ, v× mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ®· ®−îc hiÓu ®ñ 
nghÜa råi. 
- Kh«ng gièng nh− mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh, chóng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt trong 
c©u vµ cã thÓ bÞ lo¹i bá vÉn kh«ng kh«ng g©y ra sù x¸o trén ( hiÓu 
nhÇm). 
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- MÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc ng¨n mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b»ng c¸c phÈy. 
C¸c ®¹i tõ cã thÓ kh«ng bao giê bÞ lo¹i bá trong mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c 
®Þnh. 
- CÊu tróc cña mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh dïng phæ biÕn trong v¨n viÕt 
h¬n lµ v¨n viÕt. 
- Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ th−êng cã: this, that, those, these, my, his, 
their.hoÆc tªn riªng. 
That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Smith. 
This is Mrs. Jones, who helped me last week. 
Anna, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar. 
III. Usages (c¸ch dïng) 
Subjec
t 
(chñ 
ng÷) 
Objec
t 
(t©n 
ng÷) 
Possessiv
e 
(së h÷u) 
Adver
b of 
time ( 
thêi 
gian) 
Adverb
s of 
place ( 
n¬i 
chèn) 
Adverb
s of 
reason 
(lý do) 
Who Whom Whose When Where Why For 
person That That 
Which which Of which When Where Why For 
object
s 
That that 
1. Who: 
# Who lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi (relative clause). 
# Who ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ ng−êi vµ lµm chñ ng÷ cho ®éng tõ 
®øng sau nã. (Subject) 
The man who robbed you has been arrested. 
The is the girl who has won the medal. 
Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at 
the next town. 
I’ invited Ann, who lives0 in the next flat. 
2. Whom: 
# Whom lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi. 
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# Whom ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ ng−êi vµ lµm t©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng 
sau nã. (Object) 
The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt. 
The boy whom you are looking for is Tom. 
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. 
Peter, with whom I play tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me. 
 The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their 
pay. 
3. Which: 
# Which lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ vËt. 
# Which ®øng sau t©n ng÷ chØ vËt vµ lµm chñ ng÷ (S) hoÆc t©n ng÷ (O) 
cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã. 
The subject which you are studying is difficult. 
This is the book which I like best. 
His house, for which he paid £10,000, is now worth 
£50,000. 
 This machine, which I have looked for 20 years, is still working 
perfectly. 
 The dress whgich I bought yesterday is very beautiful. 
4. That 
# That lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng chung cho c¶ ng−êi lÉn vËt. 
# That cã thÓ dïng thay thÕ cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong mÖnh 
®Ò quan hÖ Defining relative clause (M§QH x¸c ®Þnh) 
That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom. 
My dad is the person that I admire most. 
I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park. 
5. Whose 
# Whose lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi. 
# Whose ®øng sau chñ ng÷ vµ thay thÕ cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u tr−íc danh 
tõ, whose còng ®−îc dïng cho vËt (= of which) 
# Whose lu«n ®i kÌm víi mét danh tõ. 
The boy whose bicycle you borrowd yesterday is Tom. 
John found a cat whose leg was broken. 
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The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 
This is George, whose class you are teaching English, 
Mr. John, whose children are grown up, was retired last year. 
6. When 
# When lµ tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ thêi gian. 
# When ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ thêi gian. 
May day is the day when people hold a meeting. 
That was the time when he managed the company. 
I’ll never forgot the year when I was a freshman. 
7. Where 
# Where lµ tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ n¬i chèn. 
# Where ®øng sau c¸c chñ ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn. 
# Where ®−îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho AT/ON/IN+ WHICH; THERE. 
That’s a place where I was born. 
Hanoi is the place where there are elegant people. 
Do you know the city where has the longest bridge in the world? 
8. Why: 
# Why lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ thêi gian. 
# Why ®øng sau tiÒn ng÷ “THE REASON” 
# Why ®−îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho “FOR THE REASON” 
Please tell me the reason why you are so late. 
He told me the reason why he had been absent form class 
the day before. 
“That’s why you go away” is a song by MLTR. 
Exercises: 
1. The last record, the record was produced by this company, became a 
gold record. 
2. Checking account, the checking account requires a minimum balance, 
are very common now. 
3. The professor, you spoke to the professor yesterday, is not here today. 
4. John, John’s grade are the highest in the school, has received a 
scholarship. 
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5. Philips bought a camera. The camera has three lenses. 
6. Frank is a man. We are going to nominate Frank to the office of 
treasurer. 
7. The doctor is with a patient. The patient’s leg was broken in an accident. 
8. Jane is a woman. Jane is going to China next year. 
9. Janet wants a typewriter. The typewriter self-corrects. 
10. This book, I found the book last week, contains some useful 
information. 
11. Mr. Bryant, Mr. Bryant’s team has lost the game, looks very sad. 
12. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the 
president. 
13. The director of program, the director graduated from Harvard 
University, is planning to retire next year. 
14. This is a book. I have been looking for this book all year. 
15. William, William’s brother us a lawyer, wants to become a judge. 
16. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman. 
17. This doctor is famous. You invited him yesterday. 
18. Do you know the music? It is playing on the radio. 
19. The police want to know the hotel. Mr. Foster stayed there two weeks 
ago. 
20. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination. 
21. These children are orphans. She is talking care of these children. 
22. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with 
them. 
23. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day. 
24. He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was born in this house. 
25. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this 
airport. 
26. We enjoy the city. We spent our vacation in this city. 
27. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these elephants at the 
zoo. 
28. I look at the noon. It was very bright that evening. 
29. My dad goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning. 
30. The man is my father. I respect this man most. 
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31. Please post these letters. I wrote them this morning. 
32. The building is the church. Its town can be seen from afar. 
33. Mary and Margaret are twins. You meet them yesterday. 
34. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support is necessary for your project. 
35. They are repairing the tubes. Water is brought into our house through 
the tubes. 
36. In the middle of the village there is a well. The villagers take water from 
this well to drink. 
37. This is a rare opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better 
job. 
38. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him. 
39. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 
40. She could not come to the party, that party was held marvelously by 
James. 
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